Endnotes -
Abbreviations used below:
MFD - Mladá fronta DNES
1 Pavel Macháček in LN 12.5.97. All translations to English are my own.
2 Of course, Masaryk's rejection of Rukopis zelenohorský a královédvorský in the 1880s could be considered the noble exception which proves this general rule.
3 Ladislav Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation: National identity and the post-communist transformation of society (Cambridge, 1996), p. 125.
4 5 For a somewhat less extreme Sudeten German view, see Rudolf Hilf, Němci a Češi: Sousedství ve střední Evropě, jeho význam a proměny (Prague, 1996).
6 J.V. Polišenský, History of Czechoslovakia in Outline (Prague, 1991), pp. 12-14.
7 J. Bartoš, S. Kovářová, M. Trapl, Osobnosti českých dějin (Olomouc, 1995), pp. 388-389.
8 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 34.
9 Libor Vykoupil, Slovník českých dějin (Brno, 1994), p. 131, is a perfect example: "The German border regions which we know of in the twentieth century as the Sudetenland definitely did not originate in the 13th century but were the result of later settlements of the 16th and 17th centuries." For just one example of how these arguments spill over onto the pages of the dailies see Jiří Muller's article in Právo 24.2.97. The effort is to de-emphasize the German history in the region.
10 Vykoupil, Slovník českých dějin, pp. 266-267.
11 12 Of course, one instantly recognises Alois Jirásek's novel Temno (Darkness) as a key element in popularising this view, but a popular historical dictionary such as Vykoupil, Slovník českých dějin, will treat the era in much the same romanticised way: "White Mountain is a symbol of the difficult trauma of Czech history written into the common subconscious." (p. 23)
13 See for example Petr Čornej et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české I. (Prague, 1995), p. 255.
14 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p.120.
15 Ibid., p. 91, though this is hardly a new concept. See, for example, Joseph F. Začek, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia" in Nationalism in Eastern Europe (London, 1971), ed. Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, pp. 167-206.
16 17 Vykoupil, Slovník českých dějin, p. 66.
18 Pavel Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II. (Prague, 1995), pp. 79-81.
19 For a more balanced and less nationalistic Czech view of the events mentioned here see ibid., pp. 128-132 and pp. 122-123.
20 For more on the myth of the "Czechoslovak nation" see Začek, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia" in Nationalism in Eastern Europe (London, 1971), ed. Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, pp. 167-206.
21 Ústava Československé republiky reprinted in Zdeněk Veselý, Dějiny českého státu v dokumentech (Prague, 1994), p. 335.
22 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 81.
23 Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., p. 169.
24 25 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 121.
26 A good English language example of this can be found in Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933-1962 (New York, 1964), pp. 34-40.
27 Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, p. 80 and pp. 49-51. The SdP was actually the strongest party in Czechoslovakia after the 1935 elections in terms of number of votes received. See Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., pp. 184-185.
28 See for example Václav Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? - Češi a Němci v československém státě (1918-1938) (Prague, 1993), pp. 158-159.
29 Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, p. 188.
30 R.J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (London, 1994), p. 195.
31 Vykoupil, Slovník českých dějin, p. 157. Figures also in Keesing's Contemporary Archives, June 28 - July 5, 1947, p. 8693.
32 Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., pp. 223-4 and p. 175.
33 Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, pp. 319-321, pp. 225-231. For the involvement of allied powers during the war see pp. 239-249, Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 (New York, 1994), pp. 79-80, Edvard Beneš, Odsun Němců z Československa: Výbor z Pamětí, projevů a dokumentů1940-1947 (Prague, 1996), pp.17-28 and Vojtěch Mastný, "The Beneš-Stalin-Molotov Conversation in December 1943: New Documents", Jahresbuecher Osteuropas, 20, 1972, pp. 367-402.
34 Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, pp. 293-300.
35 Tomáš Staněk, Odsun Němců z Československa 1945-1947 (Prague, 1991), p. 372.
36 The ratio of deportees to the US and Soviet zones was about two to one. For figures see ibid. pp. 230-231 and Keesing's Contemporary Archives, November 30 - December 7, 1946, p. 8299.
37 Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., p. 254 and Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 122.
38 39 See, for example, Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, p.279 and de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950, p. 83.
40 Jiří Sláma, "Důsledky nuceného vysídlení Němců pro Československo", Soudobé dějiny, I, 4-5, 1994.
41 Zdeněk Suda, Zealots and Rebels: A History of the Ruling Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Stanford, 1980), p. 182.
42 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 81. Of course, the Czechoslovak Communist régime never supported the bourgeois Masaryk in name, but it certainly did carry on his and Palacký's idea.
43 Ernst Nittner, "Československo a český národ /1945-1989/" in Rudolf Kučera ed., Tisíc let česko-německých vztahů: Data, jména a fakta k politickému, kulturnímu a církevnímu vývoji v českých zemích (Prague, 1995), pp. 263-274.
44 Even museums in the border regions under the Communist regime dedicated whole rooms to associating neo-Nazis, Sudeten German revanchism and Czechoslovak dissidents. The museum in Domažlice, for example, tried to link neo-Nazis and Václav Havel. See Rob Humphreys, The Real Guide: Czechoslovakia (New York, 1991), p. 155.
45 Josef Válka, writing in Slovo 10.12.96. He also points out that the Warsaw pact invasion of 1968 was justified by the regime as defending the country from (fascist) West Germany.
46 Václav Havel, Projev při návštěvě presidenta Richarda von Weiszaecker /Praha 15. března 1990/" in Václav Havel - Projevy: leden - červen 1990 (Prague, 1990), pp. 79-86.
47 de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950, p. 87.
48 For just one recent example of how "Havel's apology" is criticised today see Drago Fišer in LN 21.1.97.
49 Jan Mlynárik wote under the pseudonym "Danubius" in "Tézy o vysídlení československých Nemcov", Svědectví, no. 57, 1978, pp. 105-122. See also Uhl in Právo 30.12.1996 and Hilf, Němci a Češi, p. 183.
50 Bohemus is reprinted in Hilf, Němci a Češi, pp. 183-202.
51 Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? pp. 1-6.
52 Václav Černy, Vývoj a zločiny panslavismu (Prague, 1995). The work was serialised in Střední Evropa from October 1993 to April 1994. The information about the book itself is on pages 150-151.
53 Information on the life and works of Václav Černý from Josef Tomeš, Slovník k politickým dějinám Československa 1918-1992 (Prague, 1994), pp. 18-19 and J. Bartoš et al., Osobnosti českých dějin, p. 51. Václav Havel mentions Černý's influence on and association with the dissident community especially in the 1970s in Václav Havel, Disturbing the Peace (New York, 1990), pp. 9, 19, 120-121, 130-131, 135-136.
54 Kundera, Milan. "The Tragedy of Central Europe." New York Review of Books 26 April 1984: 33. See also Andrew Nagorski, The Birth of Freedom: Shaping the Lives and Societies in the New Eastern Europe (New York, 1993), p. 43.
55 Nagorski, The Birth of Freedom:, p. 43.
56 See, for example, Jan Křen, Historické proměny češství (Prague, 1992), pp. 93-112.
57 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, pp. 16-17.
58 A good example of this can be found in the conclusion of the monumental H. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution (Princeton, 1976), p.824.
59 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 146.
60 See, for example, Tomáš Halík's article in LN 8.2.97 and Petr Uhl's article in Právo 10.2.1997. The book Rudolf Kučera ed., Tisíc let česko-německych vztahů: Data, jména a fakta k politickému, kulturnímu a církevnímu vývoji v českých zemích (Prague, 1995) shows the Church's pro-reconcilliation approach to the Czech-German issue and their strong interest in the issue in general.
61 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 151.
62 Václav Havel, "Češi a Němci na cestě k dobrému sousedství, Praha, 17.2.1995" in Václav Havel 95 (Prague, 1996), pp. 28-40.
63 This new view is apparent in Havel's speech ibid. p. 30 and in Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., pp. 128-132.
64 Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., p. 79. See also Miloslav Martinek's review of Ferdinand Seibt's book in Právo 4.3.1997.
65 A pastoral paradise was ruined when Hitler came according to Oto Novotny in Právo 6.1.1997.
66 An updated view of Palacky can be found in J. Bartoš et al., Osobnosti českých dějin, pp. 266-267.
67 A somewhat sceptical view of Masaryk is taken in Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? p. 8. Another criticism of Masaryk and national minorities policy during the First Republic can be found in the Catholic biased and pro-reconcilliation Dieter Salomon, "Od rozpadu podunajské monrchie do konce druhé světové války /1917-1945" in Rudolf Kučera ed., Tisíc let česko-německych vztahů: Data, jména a fakta k politickému, kulturnímu a církevnímu vyvoji v českých zemích (Prague, 1995), pp. 183-231.
68 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 135.
69 Aside from the sympathy for the victims of the transfers which is very common, Petr Uhl expresses understanding, for example, of the long decades of disappointment which the Sudeten Germans in Germany have felt in Právo 10.2.1997. Understanding for Sudeten Germans' unease at the start of the First Republic is seen in Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? pp. 8-9.
70 See, for example, Jan Kovařík in Právo 28.2.1997.
71 Such words were used more often than might be expected. The Chief Editor of the weekly Týden, for example, in the 3.3.1997 issue. In his recent speech in the Bundestag, Havel expressed his desire that Sudeten Germans be welcome in the Czech Republic "not as guests but as our one-time fellow citizens." The speech is reprinted in Právo 25.4.1997.
72 Václav Havel, Projev při návštěvě presidenta Richarda von Weisacker /Praha 15. března 1990/" in Václav Havel - Projevy: leden - červen 1990 (Prague, 1990), pp. 79-86; Jiří Sláma, "Důsledky nuceného vysídlení Němců pro Československo", Soudobé dějiny, I, 4-5, 1994, pp.527-532; Tomáš Staněk, Perzekuce 1945: Perzekuce tzv. státně nespolehlivého obyvatelstva v českých zemích (mimo tábory a věznice) v květnu-srpnu 1945 (Prague, 1996), especially pages 175-182. As mentioned above, this concept is not really new (see Suda, Zealots and Rebels, p. 182), but it is becoming more widely known and accepted within the Republic.
73 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 91.
74 Václav Havel, Projev při návštěvě presidenta Richarda von Weizacker /Praha 15. března 1990/" in Václav Havel - Projevy: leden - červen 1990 (Prague, 1990), pp. 79-86.
75 The term "Czech protagonists of reconcilliation" is used with some scorn by Jiří Muller in Právo 24.2.1997. Several intellectuals opposed to the Declaration formed a working group and a petition in January 1997. See LN 4.1.1997 and Právo 20.1.1997.
76 Factual information regarding Smíření 95 as well as the quote can be found in Hilf, Němci a Češi, pp. 203-208. See also MFD 29.3.95.
77 NOVA TV - Televizní noviny 1930, 10.2.1996.
78 Česká televize 1 - Debata, 1200, 28.1.96.
79 MFD 25.9.1995 and MFD 27.2.1996.
80 Pithart in LN 20.12.1996.
81 See Marjanovič in MFD 22.5.1997.
82 For a taste of the debate around Střední Evropa see Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? p. 10.
83 84 "New balance" is from Václav Havel, "Češi a Němci na cestě k dobrému sousedství, Praha, 17.2.1995" in Václav Havel 95 (Prague, 1996), pp. 28-40. "Changable flow of historical research" is from Křen's introduction in the collection of documents Beneš, Odsun Němců z Československa, p. 14.
85 Though the words "new balance" are taken from Havel, these words of Křen's from the introduction to Kural, Konflikt místo společenství? p. 1, acurately describe the movement.
86 Carol Skalnik Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics: Nation Versus State (Oxford, 1997), p. 191.
87 Of Dienstbier's missed diplomatic opportunity at the "2+4" talks see Jaroslav Valenta in Slovo 5.11.1996. For Dienstbier's defence see Česká televize 1- Debata 1200, 28.1.1996.
88 Information about the agreement and Havel's words from a radio address are taken from Nittner, "Československo a český národ /1945-1989/" in Rudolf Kučera ed., Tisíc let česko-německých vztahů, pp. 263-274.
89 Bernard Wheaton and Zdeněk Kavan, The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia 1988-1991 (Oxford, 1992), p. 159 and Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics, pp. 189-190.
90 91 92 See Financial Times 18.4.1995, and more recent figures from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade on the Internet at http://czechinvest.com/readings/index-readings.html for investment.
93 Jan Kalvoda's remarks that he "could not imagine that in this country a government or parliament would ever be able to accept a change in the 1948 cut-off date." aptly describe the general feeling among the practical politicians. Česká televize 1 - Karanténa, 2220, 18.3.96.
94 Česká televize 1 - Debata, 1200, 28.1.96.
95 96 Nagorski, The Birth of Freedom, p. 295.
97 From a personal conversation with this author.
98 See the interesting article by the eighteen year-old Matěj Špurný in LN 3.12.1996.
99 MFD 4.2.1996, MFD 6.12.1996, Právo 13.12.1996, MFD 20.1.1997.
100 Václav Havel, "Češi a Němci na cestě k dobrému sousedství, Praha, 17.2.1995" in Václav Havel 95 (Prague, 1996), pp. 28-40.
101 MFD 10.8.1995 and Právo 22.1.1997.
102 Právo 6.12.1996 and Právo 20.1.1997.
103 Even ODS MP Jiří Payne was upset that MPs only discovered the final text of the document from the newspapers after it was mistakenly leaked to the press in December 1996. MFD 17.1.1997.
104 MFD 19.1.96 and MFD 19.2.1996. The World War II Allies officially reconfirmed their support of Potsdam MFD 15.2.1996 and Právo 22.1.1997.
105 The Daily Telegraph 2.2.1996.
106 Česká televize 1 - Debata, 1200, 11.2.1996.
107 NOVA TV - Televizní noviny, 1930, 12.5.1996 and NOVA TV - Televizní noviny, 1930, 27.5.1996.
108 109 110 111 See, for example, NOVA TV - Televizní noviny, 1930, 27.5.1996.
112 113 See all Czech media sources at the end of May every year when the Landsmannshaft hold their gathering; for example, Týden 12.6.1995. The EU threat is a favourite of Neubauer's Právo 5.12.96.
114 The DailyTelegraph 8.4.1995.
115 116 117 118 See for instance Právo 7.11.1996, Právo 12.11.1996 and MFD 4.12.1996.
119 Právo 1.11.1996, LN 6.11.1996, MFD 6.11.1996, Právo 7.11.1996 and Slovo 9.11.1996.
120 121 Just a few examples: Právo 8.11.1996, LN 2.12.1996, and Pravo 3.12.1996. For a review of the "Great Hyphen Debate" see Wheaton and Kavan, The Velvet Revolution, pp. 138-139.
122 123 LN 7.12.1996. For foreign views of the secrecy surrounding the Declaration see Právo 6.12.1996.
124 125 Slovo 6.12.1996, MFD 7.12.1996, Slovo 9.12.1996, Právo 10.12.1996, Slovo 10.12.1996 and most notably MFD 11.12.1996.
126 Zieleniec in Právo 10.12.1996.
127 Právo 21.12.1996 and MFD 21.12.1996. For more on the punctuation of the Declaration see below.
128 Právo 21.1.1997, MFD 22.1.1997, Právo 22.1.1997 and LN 22.1.1997. Such demonstrations were also seen during the visit of Kohl to Prague in 1992 for the signing of the Friendship Agreement. See Nagorski, The Birth of Freedom, p. 294.
129 MFD 22.1.1997, Právo 22.1.1997 and LN 22.1.1997.
130 MFD 21.1.1997 and MFD 22.1.1997.
131 LN 31.1.1997 and Právo 31.1.1997.
132 133 Josef Lux, amid the mid-February chaos, was one who rejected calls for the banning of political parties and the dissolving of parliament. See Slovo 11.2.1997.
134 MFD 15.2.1997 and LN 17.2.1997.
135 Stanislav Drahný in LN 15.2.1977. For a sampling of the German reaction, see Právo 15.2.1997 and Právo 17.2.1997.
136 See, for example, Jana Bendová in MFD 6.3.1997.
137 MFD 6.3.1997 and Slovo 6.3.1997.
138 Havel's speech was reprinted in full in Právo 25.4.1997.
139 Herzog's speech was reprinted in full in Právo 30.4.1997.
140 141 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 17.1.1996.
142 See notes 129, 130 and 131 above.
143 From Havel's weekly radio address of 26.1.1997 reprinted in part in MFD 27.1.1997.
144 145 Kohl's metaphor in his speeech reprinted in Právo 22.1.1997.
146 Jan Kovařík in Právo 21.12.1996.
147 US News and World Report December 23, 1996.
148 149 Michal Mocek in MFD 22.1.1997, who also called it "an end and a beginning."
150 151 152 A brief review of punctuation metaphors is found in MFD 21.1.1997.
153 154 155 See Martin Hekrdla in Právo 19.12.1996.
156 Chairman of the Editorial Board of Lidové noviny V. Bělohradský in LN 6.1.1997. Happily, some noted the absurdity of this. See, for example, Václav Žák in LN 27.1.1997.
157 From the Declaration, Point 3. See appendix 1.
158 159 See Jaroslav Valenta in Slovo 27.12.1996.
160 See Václav Pavlíček in Právo 27.12.1996.
161 Právo 9.12.1997, MFD 11.12.1996 and MFD 12.12.1997.
162 The Czech victims of Nazism were seen by many as the real losers in the Declaration game. Even the German press agreed. See reprints from the German press in ČTK's material for 11.12.1997. Czech groups such as the Federation of Jewish Communities, the Czech Union of Freedom Fighters (WWII resistance veterans) and the Club of the Czech Border Regions all expressed strong reservations and disappointment with the Declaration. See MFD 11.12.1996, MFD 1.2.1997, LN 3.2.1997 and below.
163 The Daily Telegraph 2.2.1996, Slovo 23.1.1997 and MFD 30.1.1997.
164 Právo 13.12.1996 and Leff, The Czech and Slovak Republics, p. 190.
165 See Kinkel's statements in Právo 21.12.1996.
166 167 See, for example, Pavel Tigrid in LN 28.1.1997, Jiří Hanák in Slovo 23.1.1997 and Luboš Palata in MFD 23.1.1997, all of whom had been strong supporters throughout the entire two years but now felt that one should not expect too much from it.
168 Martin Weiss and Luboš Palata in MFD 23.1.1997 and Michal Mocek's piece entitled "Prague Did Not Receive That Which It At First Wanted" and the headline story "Declaration Signed But Brings No Breakthrough" in MFD 22.1.1997.
169 170 See Jan Kovařík in Právo 18.1.1997.
171 See Jiří Muller in Právo 10.2.1997, Tomáš Jelínek and David Stecher in MFD 12.2.1997, and Josef Valenta in Právo 17.2.1997..
172 Michal Mocek in MFD 19.1.1996.
173 See Jan Kovařík in Právo 6.12.1996.
174 Radim Klekner in LN 2.12.1996.
175 176 BBC report on the signing ceremony printed in Právo 23.1.1997.
177 Johanna Grohová and Michal Hackl in MFD 1.2.1997 and Jan Kovařík in Právo 1.2.1997.
178 Česká televize 2 - "21," 2100, 18.1.1996.
179 The atmosphere at the signing was described as "cool" in MFD 22.1.1997.
180 Týden 23.12.1996 and LN 17.2.1997.
181 Slovo 17.2.1997 and LN 18.2.1997.
182 In essence, the minority government coalition forced the point on to the agenda much earlier than was originally planned by taking advantage of the absence of a handful of opposition MPs. See Slovo 12.2.1997, HN 12.2.1997, Jan Kovařík in Právo 12.2.1997, Tomáš Hájek in LN 12.2.1997 and Miroslav Kořecký and Marketa Matoušková in LN 12.2.1997.
183 Radek Bartonček and Kamila Čerovská in MFD 23.1.1997 and Ivo Žaludek in LN 22.1.1997.
184 The coalition made a counter-attack to Republican delaying efforts by interrupting the 8th seating of Parliament and immediately calling the 9th, at which questions of immunity for certain Republicans would be discussed. See Slovo 26.2.1997.
185 Richard W. Fetter in Slovo 21.2.1997.
186 Václav Žák in Právo 21.2.1997, Právo 17.2.1997.
187 Extended passages of Havel's radio address are reprinted in MFD 10.2.1997.
188 LN 22.1.1997 and Václav Žák in Právo 21.2.1997.
189 Právo 22.1.1997, Václav Žák in Právo 24.1.1997 and MFD 22.1.1997. The use of force was described by one foreign journalist as "excessive." Report of Christine Dupres in La Libre Belgique reprinted in Slovo 23.1.1997.
190 Právo 1.3.1997, LN 1.3.1997 and Tomáš Rychlý in Právo 3.3.1997. Some claimed that the police did not have to wait for the official word, but Deputy Speaker of Parliament Petra Buzková called the moves of the police "idiotic." See Sabina Slonková and Marketa Kropáčová in MFD 8.3.1997.
191 192 See especially the words of Rudolf Šmucr and Josef Krejsa in all newspapers on 14.2.1997.
193 Slovo 6.3.1997. "We thought we were voting for the accommanying resolution suggested by the coalition," said Social Democratic Senator Jan Kavan. See MFD 6.3.1997.
194 Slovo 7.3.1997. For more on the confused counting see Andrea Zajícová in Právo 7.3.1997 and Jan Kavan in Právo 11.3.1997.
195 For a sample see Miroslav Kořecký and Markéta Matoušková in LN 17.2.1997.
196 For a similar argument see Martin Hekrdla in Právo 15.2.1997.
197 198 Slovo 17.2.1997 and MFD 17.2.1997.
199 200 Václav Žák in Právo 21.2.1997. He also wisely adds: "The destructiveness of the opposition is a barometer of the arrogance of those in power."
201 Václav Kural, Místo společenství - konflikt! - Češi a Němci ve Velkoněmecké říši a cesta k odsunu (1938-1945) (Prague 1994), pp. 3-4.
202 Václav Havel, "Češi a Němci na cestě k dobrému sousedství, Praha, 17.2.1995" in Václav Havel 95 (Prague, 1996), pp. 28-40.
203 The quotes are from Jiří Sláma, "Důsledky nuceného vysídlení Němců pro Československo", Soudobé dějiny, I, 4-5, 1994, pp.527-532.
204 The work was serialised in Střední Evropa from October 1993 to April 1994. Černy, Vývoj a zločiny panslavismu, p.150.
205 See his article in MFD 2.5.1997.
206 See his article in Právo 11.3.1997.
207 Ibid. and Kural, Konflikt místo společenství, p. 10.
208 See Martin Hekrdla in Právo 15.2.1997. Hekrdla is fairly labeled here as "anti-New Balance" based on this article of his and on his article in Právo 29.1.1997 where he states that the new approach to history - resembling the approach of Bolzano - threatens Czechs with extinction.
209 210 See, for example, the statements of the Czech-Sudeten German Forum for Reconciliation regarding the Declaration in Právo 14.1.1997.
211 Former General Secretary of the Czech Bishops' Conference Tomáš Halík in LN 8.2.1997.
212 For example, in 1995, Petr Pithart (an ultra), Jan Křen (a moderate) both took part along with the more traditionally minded historian Jaroslav Valenta. See their contributions in the collection from that conference Češi a Němci: ztracené dějiny? (Prague, 1995).
213 214 This team of researchers did not originally include Staněk, however. See Kural, Konflikt místo společenství, pp. 1-6 for a brief history of this roughly connected series. In the end, Staněk has written many works on the transfers: Staněk, Odsun Němců z Československa 1945-1947, Staněk, Perzekuce 1945: Perzekuce tzv. státně nespolehlivého obyvatelstva v českých zemích (mimo tábory a věznice) v květnu-srpnu 1945 among others.
215 Staněk, Odsun Němců z Československa 1945-1947, p. 8.
216 Vojtěch Mencl, Miloš Hájek, Milan Otáhal and Erika Kadlecová, Křižovatky 20. století: Světlo na bílá místa v nejnovějších dějinách (Prague, 1990), pp. 214-216. Otáhal wrote the relevant chapter. The book was actually already completed in 1987 and read by a small circle. Jan Křen's role is discussed on pp. 5-6.
217 Bělina et al., Dějiny zemí koruny české II., pp. 128 and 249 -254. Quotes from p. 128, 252 and 253.
218 Pavel Augusta and František Honzák, Československo 1938-1945 (Prague, 1995), pp. 58-59. The quote is from page 59, and the recommendation that the book is for those over the age of ten is on the final page.
219 The new collection is Edvard Beneš, Odsun Němců z Československa: Výbor z Pamětí, projevů a dokumentů 1940-1947 (Prague, 1996). The editor of this new collection is Karel Novotný. Jan Křen wrote the introduction. The quote here comes from Beneš' speech on the Old Town Square in Prague on 16th May, 1945. See pp. 139-140.
220 Rudolf Hilf, Němci a Češi: Sousedství ve střední Evropě, jeho význama proměny (Prague, 1996) and Ferdinand Seibt, Německo a Češi: Dějiny jednoho sousedství uprostřed Evropy (Prague, 1996). The second was edited by the ubiquitous Jan Křen.
221 See Josef Chuchma in MFD 23.1.1997.
222 223 The right-wing weekly Respekt has become a strong defender of the New Balance. For example, see the report on the Czech concentration camp for Romanies at Lety Respekt 12.-18.5.1997. See also the extensive review of the Sudeten German transfers in Respekt 30.6-6.7.1997.
224 See the Hekrdla/Mandler exchange, for example, in Právo 11.3.1997.
225 See Křen's clash with Mandler and Bohumil Doležal in Právo 15.5.1997, MFD 26.4.1997 and MFD 2.5.1997. One of the issues here was, interestingly enough, the question of whether the past was getting enough presentation in the media. The two ultras claimed it was not while Křen claimed it was - though MFD actually refused to print his rebuttal.
226 See, for example, Rudolf Hilf's uncharacteristicly paranoid and fear-mongering piece in MFD 2.1.1997 (and the reply by Mandler in MFD 4.1.1997). See also Ingeborg Menschik in MFD 14.1.1997.
227 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 91.
228 The key example of this, which will be discussed later, is Pehe in Slovo 3.2.1997.
229 These papers were selected for this examination because they are some of the most popular and influential newspapers in the country. MFD and Právo are the two top selling newspapers in the Czech national market. See Steve Kettle, "The Development of the Czech Media Since the Fall of Communism," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 4, December 1996, pp. 42-60. Slovo and LN are not as popular as two tabloids and newspapers specifically targeting the agricultural industry and the business community, they do offer a set of views (from left and right respectively) from top commentators including many who are intimately connected to the Czech-German issue. The views of the influential commentator Jiří Pehe, for example, are often found in Slovo and LN, and Pavel Tigrid, a critical voice for the New Balance, most often writes for LN.
230 231 See, for example, Jaroslav Valenta's discussion of "our policy since 1990," "we could think," "we shall come to know" and "so that we don't fumble about" all in reference to the Czech nation as a whole in Právo 17.2.1997. Valenta is fairly labelled "anti-New Balance" here because he considers much of the New Balance and the Declaration to be "a very selective interpretation of history" (Slovo 27.12.1996) and "a manipulation of history" (Právo 17.2.1997).
232 See Mandler's use of the terms "our democratic society" in MFD 2.5.1997 and "we refuse to accept" in MFD 4.1.1997.
233 All newspapers used "we." See, as just a few examples of hundreds, Ivana Štěpánková in Slovo 17.2.1997, Luboš Palata in MFD 17.2.1997, Václav Žák in LN 27.1.1997 and Jan Kovařík in Právo 18.1.1997. The use of "our Germans" can be seen, for example, can be seen in Právo 20.1.1997.
234 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 116. Holý cites the work of P. Wright, On Living in an Old Country: the National Past and Contemporary Britain (London, 1985) as the origin of this phrase, but its application to the Czech context is Holý's.
235 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, pp. 185-197.
236 See Slovo 3.2.1997 and Slovo 7.5.1997.
237 At the end of 1995, for example, Kohl stated "The eastern border of Germany must not remain the border of the EU" and that Germany wanted to be the advocate for Central and Eastern Europe in their efforts to integrate into the EU and western structures. HN 9.11.1995.
238 239 240 241 See, for example, LN 23.1.1997 and Alexandr Mitrofanov in Právo 14.1.1997.
242 In the weekly Týden 27.1.1997.
243 244 245 Radio address partially reprinted in LN 27.1.1997.
246 Václav Havel, "Češi a Němci na cestě k dobrému sousedství, Praha, 17.2.1995" in Václav Havel 95 (Prague, 1996), pp. 28-40.
247 Speech reprinted in Právo 25.4.1997.
248 Adam Černý in Týden 27.1.1997.
249 For just three examples among scores, see LN 18.2.1997 and Právo 17.2.1997 and Právo 18.2.1997.
250 251 252 253 254 255 Radio address summarised in LN 10.2.1997.
256 See, for example, MFD 4.6.1996 and Tomáš Marek's editorial on instability and the financial markets in MFD 5.6.1996.
257 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p.91.
258 259 260 261 See Miroslav Grebeníček, for example, in Právo 16.12.1996.
262 263 See Právo, MFD and Slovo on 12.11.1997.
264 See LN, Právo, Slovo and MFD on 10.2.1997.
265 See Slovo and Právo 11.2.1997.
266 See, for example, Tigrid in LN 18.2.1997.
267 See, for example, Ingeborg Menschik in MFD 14.1.1997.
268 Kettle's comment that Právo' s treatment of the Sudeten German issue can sometimes have a xenophobic flavour is thus misleading. All the major Czech dailies played to ethnic fears at one time or another when dealing with this issue. Steve Kettle, "The Development of the Czech Media Since the Fall of Communism," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 4, December 1996, pp. 42-60.
269 270 271 272 MFD 19.2.1996. See also Jiří Leschtina in MFD 17.1.1997 with the same argument.
273 Josef Schrabal, for example, in the internet journal Newyorské listy, 2/1996. LN is also German owned.
274 This was noted by Kettle in his general review of the Czech press. Steve Kettle, "The Development of the Czech Media Since the Fall of Communism," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 4, December 1996, pp. 42-60.
275 276 See Martin Weiss in17.12.1997 and Viliam Buchert in MFD 31.1.1997.
277 Leschtina in MFD 6.2.1997.
278 279 280 See Palata in MFD 31.1.1997.
281 282 283 284 See Václav Žák in Právo 19.12.1996 and 27.12.1996, or Jan Hon in Právo who lumps all opponents of the Declaration with the Republicans and Communists.
285 See the many pieces by Jan Kovařík in Právo, for example. Právo also printed the full text of the "working group" which presented a reasoned rejection of the Declaration.
286 287 288 289 Steve Kettle, "The Development of the Czech Media Since the Fall of Communism," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 4, December 1996, pp. 42-60.
290 291 Steve Kettle, "The Development of the Czech Media Since the Fall of Communism," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 4, December 1996, pp. 42-60.
292 293 Právo 25.4.1997 and Právo 30.4.1997.
294 295 See all four newspapers on 31.1.1997 and especially the detailed pieces in Právo by Jan Kovařík.
296 297 298 299 Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (Prague, 1989), vol. I: A-G, p. 325 and Slovník spisovné češtiny pro školu a veřejnost (Prague, 1994), p.60. The term "disavow" in English also has this ambiguity. See The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (Oxford, 1976), p. 293.
300 301 The term "declaration concept" here is used because the text was not yet public at this time, so people could only express their opinion about the idea of a declaration not about the Declaration itself. At this time, only 29% thought the Declaration would benefit mutual relations. MFD 3.9.1996.
302 303 304 305 For example, Zdeněk Jičínský in Právo 27.1.1997.
306 From the letter of Miroslav šiška in Právo 19.12.1996.
307 From the letter of Karel Malík in Právo 20.1.1997.
308 From the letter of Jan Kovanic in MFD 15.1.1997.
309 Letter of Miroslav Kubík in LN 14.2.1997.
310 311 Letter of Jiří Langer in Právo 20.1.1997.
312 313 LN 17.2.1997, Právo 17.2.1997 and MFD 18.2.1997.
314 See Tigrid in LN 18.2.1997, Jiří Novák in MFD 21.1.1997, and Christian Caryl in US News and World Report December 23, 1996.
315 Holý, The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation, p. 4 and pp. 10-11.
316 Klaus called it such in April 1996. Česká televize 1 - Události 1930,12.4.1996.
317 Josef Válka in MFD 10.12.1996.
318 Bohumil Doležal in MFD 17.1.1997.
319 For example, Pehe in Slovo 3.2.1997 and Slovo 7.5.1997.
320 321 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 12.4.1996.
322 TV NOVA - Televizní noviny - 1930, 10.10.1996.
323 Mocek and Palata in MFD 12.2.1997.
324 325 326 327 328 329 330 LN 3.2.1997 and Slovo 11.2.1997 respectively.
331 Slovo 25.1.1997 and Právo 25.1.1997.
332 See Klaus' agreement with Senate Speaker Petr Pithart in Právo 18.1.1997 for example.
333 MFD 27.1.1997 and Miroslav Kořecky in LN 3.2.1997.
334 335 Jiří Leschtina in MFD 12.2.1997.
336 Mocek and Palata in MFD 12.2.1997.
337 338 339 340 341 342 343 ČSSD electoral platform Lidskost proti sobectví: Volební program České strany sociálně demokratické of 20th January, 1996.
344 345 MFD 10.8.1995. As late as October 1996, Zeman even restated his hope that the Declaration would be a Parliamentary one so that it could have wider support. See Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 9.10.1996.
346 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 10.10.1996.
347 See Jozef Wagner's (MP-ČSSD) comments in MFD 9.2.1996 and Petra Buzková's (MP-ČSSD) comments from Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 8.4.1996.
348 Even if he could not influence them as Jan Kovařík suggested in Právo 18.1.1997.
349 350 351 TV NOVA - Televizní noviny - 1930, 13.1.1997 and Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 13.1.1997.
352 353 354 355 Havel's "approval" of the Social Democrats before the 1996 elections helped the party gain legitimacy. See, for example, Jiří Franěk in Slovo 12.12.1996.
356 Adam Černý in Týden 20.1.1997.
357 See the poll results from Právo 4.1.1997, for example.
358 See his commentary pieces, for example, in Právo 27.1.1997. Interestingly, however, Jičínský changed his mind shortly before the final ratification vote after Kohl's reinterpretations went unanswered by the Czech government. MFD 14.2.1997 and Právo 14.1.1997.
359 Právo 23.1.1997, Právo 24.1.1997 and Slovo 6.2.1997.
360 See, for example, Právo 2.12.1996.
361 LN 6.2.1997, Uhl in Právo 7.2.1997 and Hekrdla in Právo 13.2.1997.
362 363 364 365 TV NOVA - Televizní noviny - 1930, 13.1.1997 and Právo 20.1.1997.
366 367 See Dostál's comments from TV NOVA - Televizní noviny - 1930, 13.1.1997.
368 369 370 Alexandr Mitrofanov in Právo 15.1.1997.
371 372 373 374 MFD 23.1.1997, Právo 6.2.1997 and MFD 6.2.1997.
375 376 377 378 Právo 28.1.1997, LN 29.1.1997 and Právo 29.1.1997.
379 380 Naďa Adamíčková and Marie Konigová in Právo 17.2.1997.
381 See Josef Skrabek in Slovo 13.2.1997 and note 42.
382 383 From the research of the director of the polling agency Factum Jan Hertzmann in MFD 1 5.2.1997.
384 385 386 387 388 389 390 Read: Germany. Právo 21.2.1997.
391 Ransdorf compared it to the punktace. Právo 10.12.1996.
392 393 See Grebeníček's call to voters in Právo 21.2.1997 and Uhl's analysis in Právo 12.2.1997.
394 395 396 397 398 399 See Jiří Hanák in Slovo 16.12.1996, Karel Steigerwald in LN 18.12.1996 and Dušan Třeštík in LN 18.12.1996.
400 See, for example, the meeting in Ostrava discussed in Právo 21.1.1997.
401 402 403 Ibid. and MFD 19.12.1996.
404 MFD 5.2.1997 and LN 5.2.1997. The number of protesters seems to be in question.
405 406 407 From the SPR-RSČ electoral programme: SPR-RSČ k obnově naší země a jejímu ekonomickému, kulturnímu i politickému povznesení (Undated).
408 František Kostlán in LN 14.2.1997, Slovo 28.2.1997, MFD 1 2.2.1997 and the US State Department Human Rights Report 1994 - Czech Republic (printed in 1995). Recall that the Republicans have a great deal of support among the police and armed services among whom they won 14% of the vote in the last Parliamentary elections - well above their national average of about 8%. See Mimořádná příloha MFDNES: Volby in MFD 11.6.1996.
409 410 Paul Hockenlos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (London, 1993), p. 225.
411 412 Both posters have been seen by this author in countless locations throughout the Republic.
413 Kostlan in LN 14.2.1997, MFD 12.2.1997 and Slovo 28.2.1997.
414 415 416 Comparison of November 1996 figure to December 1996 figure in Právo 3.1.1997.
417 418 This review is based on a compilation of reports from MFD 22.1.1997, Právo 22.1.1997, LN 22.1.1997 and Slovo 23.1.1997.
419 420 421 See Kostlán in LN 14.2.1997. I am indebted to Patrik Ouředník, Šmírbuch jazyka českého (Prague, 1988) for clarification of Krejsa's slang (especially the phrase utřít hubu, p. 125).
422 See, for example, Hockenos, Free to Hate, chapter 6.
423 424 425 426 From the Parliamentary register reprinted in LN 15.2.1997.
427 428 429 430 431 432 433 Slovo 6.2.1997 and Právo 15.2.1997.
434 435 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 17.1.1996.
436 The comments of Daniel Kroupa in Právo 14.2.1997.
437 438 439 Česká televize 1 - Debata - 1200, 8.4.1996.
440 441 Premiera TV - Zprávy/Deník - 1900, 5.4.1996.
442 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 15.10.1996.
443 Česká televize 1 - Události - 1930, 9.10.1996.
444 See, for example, the comments of Jaroslav Bašta in LN 3.2.1997.
445 Research by IVVM in Právo 18.3.1997.
446 Again, Jan Herzmann's research in MFD 15.2.1997.
447 448 449 The Economist, August 16th-22nd, 1997.
450 451 Ambassador Anton Rossbach repeated Kohl's words that the Sudeten issues remain unsettled. LN 24.3.1997.
452 See all newspapers' coverage of the Sudeten German conference during the middle of May 1997 especially Ivana štěpanková in Slovo 17.5.1997, Jan Kovařík in Právo 17.5.1997 and Teodor Marjanovič in MFD 19.5.1997.
453 See Dostál in Právo 19.2.1997.
454 Jiří Pehe in Slovo 3.2.1997.
455 Miloš Hájek in Právo 27.12.1996.
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